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At ProBox, we continue to document how propaganda, digital surveillance, and coordinated manipulation campaigns affect public discourse, civic space, and human rights in Latin America.
Throughout 2025, we expanded our work to investigate digital conversations not only in Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, but also in other countries across the region, and to include analysis on platforms such as TikTok, Facebook, and Instagram.
Our 2025 Annual Report compiles the key findings, research, advocacy efforts, training initiatives, and partnerships that shaped our work throughout the year.
2025 in Numbers
We published 19 investigations on Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and other countries in the region. We also held 12 training sessions, reaching more than 750 participants, and produced 23 audio reports and 16 educational videos to build capacity in addressing the challenges of the digital environment.
In addition, our work was recognized with two major awards: the 2025 King of Spain International Journalism Award for “Operación Retuit”, and the IPYS Venezuela Award for Best Investigative Journalism for “Los Ilusionistas”.
In terms of monitoring, we analyzed 7.8 million posts on X related to 717 sociopolitical trends identified in Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. As part of our regional research, we also collected and studied 119,554 public posts on Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok.
Research on Propaganda, Censorship, Surveillance, and Authoritarian Influence
Throughout 2025, we expanded our research on state propaganda, disinformation, censorship, and coordinated digital operations in Latin America.
In Venezuela, our investigations analyzed issues such as the propagandistic use of Venezuelan migration, the role of “Con el Mazo Dando” as a tool for digital intimidation, the regime’s Christmas narratives in the face of allegations of repression, and the risks associated with state surveillance.
In Cuba, we documented how tourism propaganda coexists with reports of hunger, arbitrary detentions, and repression; in addition to investigations into surveillance, censorship, and the criminalization of expression on social media.
In Nicaragua, we addressed the use of troll farms, the strengthening of the surveillance apparatus, the repression of the memory of April 2018, and the role of media cooperation with China in training journalists sympathetic to the regime.
The report also includes cross-regional research on female political prisoners, transnational authoritarian influence, and China’s digital narratives in Central America, conducted in partnership with organizations and media outlets in the region.
Training, Advocacy, and Regional Collaboration
In addition to conducting research, in 2025 we strengthened our advocacy and training efforts. We participated in international and regional forums such as RightsCon, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, the Internet Governance Forum, Forum 2000, the Latin American and Caribbean Internet Governance Forum, and the Latin American Conference on Investigative Journalism.
These forums allowed us to share findings on censorship, surveillance, disinformation, authoritarian cooperation, and democratic resilience, as well as to strengthen alliances with organizations, journalists, activists, and digital rights advocates.
Throughout the year, we also held strategic meetings and closed-door discussions with key stakeholders to present evidence, foster regional dialogue, and help defend civic space against authoritarian practices.
Microgrants and New Alliances
In 2025, we launched our first call for proposals for digital advocacy microgrants in Latin America, aimed at supporting rapid and creative initiatives in defense of digital rights, freedom of expression, and citizen participation.
We received 52 proposals from 13 countries and selected two initiatives: one in Ecuador, focused on advocacy regarding artificial intelligence policies and digital rights; and another in Venezuela, aimed at civic education in response to the shrinking of civic space.
We also made progress in establishing the Coalition for the Defense of Civic Space against Authoritarianism, a platform that has been formally operational since 2026.
What’s Next
In 2026, we continue to expand our research, monitoring, training, and advocacy work in Latin America. We continue to include new countries, strengthen partnerships, and create spaces for coordination in the face of digital authoritarianism.
At ProBox, we believe that protecting the information landscape and defending digital rights in the region is only possible through collective action, rigorous evidence, and collaboration among organizations, media outlets, journalists, activists, and the citizens.
We invite you to read our 2025 Annual Report, share its findings, and join us in building a region that is more resilient in the face of the challenges of the digital environment.
